Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

冀北坝上地区3种人工灌木林地防风蚀效果的比较

选取冀北坝上地区防风固沙林为研究对象,通过观测风速、地表粗糙度、临界起沙风速、输沙量、风沙流结构等指标,对比分析3种人工灌木林地(沙棘林地、柠条林地、沙柳林地)防风蚀效果。结果表明:人工植被能够增加地表粗糙度,改变近地表风场和风沙流结构,降低风速,减少输沙量,有效防治土壤风蚀。不同人工灌木林地防风蚀效果存在较大差异。从主要观测指标来看,粗糙度和临界起沙风速为柠条林地>沙棘林地>沙柳林地;输沙量为柠条林地<沙棘林地<沙柳林地;防风效应为沙棘林地>沙柳林地>柠条林地;固沙效应为柠条林地>沙棘林地>沙柳林地。冀北坝上地区应充分发挥林木防风固沙、保持水土的特性,采用生物治沙技术与措施,合理配置人工植被开展生态建设,防治土壤风蚀,改善生态环境。     

不同氮肥运筹模式对稻田田面水氮浓度和水稻产量的影响

通过构建包括不同氮肥类型、氮肥用量、施肥方式和施肥次数的6种氮肥运筹模式,分析了不同氮肥运筹模式对稻田田面水各形态氮浓度变化和水稻产量的影响。结果表明:不同时期施用缓控释肥和尿素后,总氮和铵态氮浓度均在1天达到峰值,硝态氮浓度在2～3天达到峰值,之后逐渐下降趋于稳定。铵态氮为各处理施肥后初期的主要氮形态,1天时铵态氮占总氮比例达50.6%～92.8%,而硝态氮仅占3.8%～22.6%。田面水总氮和铵态氮峰值浓度大小与氮肥类型、施用用量和施肥方式均存在相关性,等氮量施用条件下,田面水总氮和铵态氮峰值浓度大小顺序为撒施尿素处理撒施缓控释肥处理侧深施缓控释肥处理,在N施用量48 kg/hm~2条件下,撒施尿素处理、撒施缓控释肥处理、侧深施缓控释肥处理的总氮和铵态氮平均峰值浓度分别为38.44,16.44,7.55 mg/L和34.39,13.00,3.82 mg/L。等氮施用量和相同施肥次数条件下,基肥采用侧深施缓控释肥的处理4,5,6比相应的撒施缓控释肥的处理1,2,3的产量分别提高2.8%,3.5%,2.7%。基肥采用侧深施缓控释肥和"一基一穗"2次施肥的处理6的水稻产量,在氮肥总施用量减少30%条件下,仅比基肥采用撒施缓控释肥和"一基一蘖一穗"3次施肥的处理1的水稻产量减少0.3%。侧深施缓控释肥可以有效降低施肥初期田面水铵态氮峰值浓度,从而减少氨挥发和降低径流流失风险,并在一定程度减量条件下不会对水稻产量产生影响。     

不同有机肥对采煤塌陷区土壤氮素矿化动态特征研究

为揭示不同有机肥对煤矿复垦土壤氮素矿化特性的影响,以山西省孝义市水峪煤矿采煤塌陷复垦土壤为研究对象,采用室内好气培养法,研究在40%含水量和30℃培养条件下,施用3种有机肥(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪)后在0~161天的氮素矿化动态特征,以明确不同有机肥对该矿区复垦土壤氮素矿化特征,从而预估不同有机肥的供氮特性,为合理施用有机肥进行低产农田的培肥改造提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)各处理0~14天铵态氮含量均随培养时间的延长迅速下降,与培养时间呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),14~161天土壤铵态氮含量维持在较低水平,培养结束时,各处理铵态氮含量均低于1.31mg/kg。(2)各处理土壤硝态氮含量、累积量及矿质氮累积量变化均呈近似的“S”形曲线递增,表现为0~56天缓慢增加,56~84天迅速增加,84天至培养结束(161天)其含量基本不变。培养结束时不同处理间硝态氮含量、累积量及矿质氮累积量整体上均表现为鸡粪>猪粪>牛粪>空白,且鸡粪较猪粪和牛粪处理间存在显著差异,猪粪和牛粪较空白处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。(3)不同施肥处理出现氮素净矿化的时间点不同,其中鸡粪处理在第14天时最早出现净矿化现象,而猪粪和牛粪在培养28天后才出现明显的氮素净矿化。(4)不同施肥处理在培养的不同阶段硝态氮和矿质氮累积速率不同,但整体趋势一致,表现为培养0~84天各处理土壤累积矿化波动较大,56~84天达到峰值,培养84~161天各处理矿化速率平稳下降。总体来看,有机肥的施入能有效促进煤矿复垦土壤氮素矿化,从而提高土壤氮素有效性。其中,施鸡粪较猪粪和牛粪对提高矿区复垦土壤有效氮效果更好。4种处理的氮素矿化效果总体表现为鸡粪>猪粪>牛粪>空白。     

耕作措施对坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失的影响

云南山地面积约占全省土地总面积的94%,特殊的地形特征,极易引发坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失,严重影响了农业可持续生产。采取有效的农艺措施来减少坡耕地土壤养分流失是十分有必要的。为此,通过4年定位试验对顺坡(2组处理)、横坡(2组处理)2种耕作方向的复合农艺措施处理进行研究。结果表明:云南坡地红壤的径流时间主要集中在6—9月,且产流雨量占年降雨量的65.62%～75.82%。产流雨量与年降雨量呈现一致趋势。径流量和产流雨量呈线性关系(R_(NVF)~2=0.597 7,R_(OVF)~2=0.415 1,R_(OHF)~2=0.378 2,R_(OHFR)~2=0.335 5),其相关性大小顺序为顺坡处理横坡处理,不施肥处理施肥处理,覆膜处理揭膜处理(P0.01)。大雨(25～49.9 mm)和暴雨(≥50 mm)造成了年度大部分径流和养分的流失。横坡垄作组处理产生地表径流(177.13±28.87)～(182.28±33.75) mm,径流中总氮流失量(7.66±2.51)～(7.85±1.92) kg/hm~2,总磷流失量为(0.91±0.26)～(1.09±0.27) kg/hm~2,与顺坡垄作OVF(常规处理)相比径流和养分极显著减少了49.57%～52.13%,33.16%～53.88%(P0.01)。不同耕作措施下,复合耕作模式(优化施肥+横坡垄作+旺长期揭膜)拦截径流和养分流失的效果最好。RDA分析结果发现,与降雨量相比较,径流量是影响氮磷养分变化的主要环境因子(P0.01)。径流量与氮养分(NH_4~+-N除外)流失量的相关性高于与磷的相关性,表明氮比磷更容易随径流流失。顺坡处理NVF和OVF与环境因子径流量和氮磷养分流失量TN、TDN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、TP、TDP呈正相关,横坡处理OHF和OHFR与其呈负相关。     

水力侵蚀对砒砂岩区土壤有机碳空间变异性的影响

以侵蚀剧烈的砒砂岩区为研究对象，应用地统计学Kriging插值法准确描述水力侵蚀下土壤有机碳空间动态迁移过程来探究侵蚀与碳平衡的关系并为有效治理砒砂岩区坡面水土流失提供科学的参考。结果表明：（1）降雨前后各土层有机碳均随着土层增加而减少，表现为中等变异、空间自相关均为正相关且0—10 cm土层自相关性最大。降雨后0—20 cm土层有机碳含量减少而20—40 cm土层增加，且各土层变异程度均较雨前减弱。（2）降雨前后土壤有机碳分别与高斯模型，球状模型较为拟合，且变程值均随土层增加而增大。降雨前后0—10 cm土层表现均为强烈空间相关性且雨后结构比增大，而10—40 cm均为中等相关性雨后结构比减小。（3）降雨后空间异质性减弱斑块面积变大，总体表现为同一土层坡上侵蚀坡下沉积，而不同土层下0—20 cm土层表现为侵蚀，20—40 cm土层表现为沉积。（4）降雨前后土壤有机碳均与黏粒呈现较显著正相关，其中降雨前0—10 cm土层有机碳与黏粒为极显著正相关，降雨后各土层相关性增强均为极显著正相关。但降雨前后土壤有机碳与粉粒相关性均较小且不显著，与砂粒则基本表现为负相关。     

黄淮和长江中下游冬麦区小麦品种(系)农艺性状及其聚类分析

气候变暖对我国乃至世界小麦育种和生产有很大影响。为了研究我国不同生态麦区小麦品种(系)农艺性状适应气候变化调控机理,本研究以黄淮冬麦区北片和南片及长江中下游冬麦区的20个当前大面积推的小麦品种、新审定品种和新选育品系为试验材料,在黄淮冬麦区北片河北省石家庄市种植,在返青期前对其抗旱抗冻性、根冠比和叶片干重与鲜重比进行调查;收获后对株高、穗长、穗下节间长、分蘖数、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单株生物量、单株粒重、经济系数等10个农艺性状进行了考种和相关、聚类和主成分分析。结果表明,不同麦区小麦品种(系)苗期的抗旱抗冻性为黄淮冬麦区北片黄淮冬麦区南片长江中下游冬麦区。三大生态麦区的单株粒重与分蘖数、穗粒数、单株生物量、经济系数均呈极显著正相关,黄淮冬麦区南片和长江中下游冬麦区呈显著和极显著的农艺性状相对较多,说明这两个生态麦区的品种有很大的相似性;但不同生态麦区其他农艺性状正负相关各有一定差异。在欧氏距离20处,20个小麦品种(系)被聚类为长江中下游冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区南片品种(系)(第Ⅰ类)及黄淮冬麦区北片品种(系)(第Ⅱ类)两个大的生态型;在欧氏距离6处,Ⅰ类又分为分别以‘百农207’‘济麦22’和‘西农979’为代表的3个亚类,Ⅱ类是以‘长旱58’为代表。产量、穗长、株高和经济系数4个主成分因子对10个农艺性状表现型变异累计贡献率为76.39%。‘济麦22’等黄淮冬麦区北片的品种(系)综合得分在前20株中占95%。以上研究结果为小麦适应气候变暖育种和引种示范推广提供了重要参考信息。     

The use of the hand-held infrared thermometer as an early detection tool for exertional heat illness in Thoroughbred racehorses: A study at racetracks in eastern Australia

Thoroughbred racehorses perform exercise at maximal intensities and typically display a hyperthermic exercise response, which can drive core body temperature to critical levels. Despite extremely efficient thermoregulatory mechanisms, certain weather conditions may affect the horse’s ability to cool and result in a syndrome referred to as exertional heat illness (EHI). This is characterised by central nervous system dysfunction, as well as cytotoxic effects of heat on cells, which can produce deleterious consequences. Early detection of exertional heat illness (EHI) in Thoroughbred racehorses can be difficult because signs are often vague and the measurement of rectal temperature as an indicator of hyperthermia is not practical. Best practice in the treatment of EHI in horses, as in human subjects, centres on early detection, rapid assessment and aggressive cooling. Research in human subjects has shown that EHI is manageable when recognised early and appropriate treatment provided. The aim of this study was to investigate the measurement of skin surface temperature (SST) by an infrared thermometer as an aid in the early detection of EHI. A skin surface temperature ≥39°C in the immediate postrace period is considered to be hot. It reflects the interaction of exercise-related metabolic heat production, physiological adjustments to the skin surface such as vasodilation and sweating, together with the effect of high ambient temperature. Most importantly, high SST is associated with a reduced core-to-skin temperature difference, which retards heat transfer from the deep body tissues to the skin and can hinder heat dissipation. Identification of horses with high SSTs can prioritise them for rapid cooling and curtail possible progression to EHI.     

微喷带单孔水量分布影响因素试验研究

为了探究微喷带管径、喷孔结构、工作压力以及喷射角度对单孔水量分布影响,以常用的机械打孔的Ф28,Ф32,Ф40和Ф50这4种微喷带为研究对象,通过调节微喷带的喷射角度和工作压力,研究微喷带正常运行时单孔喷水(其他孔进行遮挡,不混入测试单孔的水流中)特性,测定了不同工作压力条件下射程、湿润面积、干燥区宽度等参数.结果表明:喷水射程随喷射角度先增大再减小,射程最大值为30°~ 40°,随工作压力的增大而增大;湿润区宽度与喷射角度、工作压力均存在正相关的关系;射程与干燥区宽度随喷射角度的变化规律相同;湿润区面积的最大值出现在喷射角度为50°时.在实际运行中,建议微喷带喷射角度为30°~50°,并应根据干燥区与射程合理布置相邻微喷带的铺设间距.     

基于响应面法优化糙米速食粥加工工艺

为综合利用糙米，开发糙米全谷物食品，以糙米为原料，在单因素的基础上，研究煮沸时间、浸泡时间以及蒸煮时间等工艺参数对糙米速食粥复水性、感官品质以及糊化度的影响。以感官评分为响应值，采用响应面法对煮沸—浸泡—蒸煮法生产糙米速食粥的生产工艺进行优化，得到糙米速食粥的最优工艺参数为：煮沸时间20.40 min、浸泡时间1.46 h、蒸煮时间54.22 min，在此条件下糙米速食粥的感官评分为78.98，糊化度为85.28%。经验证试验，得到的结果接近预测值。通过质构分析可知，煮沸—浸泡—蒸煮法得到的产品要优于非浸泡法，复水后不易老化回生。本研究生产的糙米速食粥香味浓郁，品质较好，为糙米食品的工业化生产提供有益参考。